Patients and methods: The retrospective study was conducted on 153 patients (100 males, 53 females; mean age: 60.2±2.1 years; range, 53 to 82 years) with the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease between January 2017 and January 2020. The symptoms of the patients were claudication, rest pain, or tissue loss. The operations were performed at the operation theatre with local or spinal anesthesia in a supine or prone position according to the lesion status. Lesions were classified as superficial femoral, popliteal, and distal lesions below the knee.

Results: Interventional treatment was applied in all patients, and 272 lesions in 204 extremities were intervened. In 78 patients, 160 right leg lesions were treated, and in 75 patients, a total of 112 lesions were treated. Fifty-one patients had bilateral leg lesions. The number of iliac, superficial femoral, and popliteal and distal segment lesions was 30 (11.1%), 213 (78.3%), and 29 (10.6%), respectively. Most of the lesions were confined to the SFA. We performed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedures in all 153 patients; however, 143 of them also received atherectomy with two different reliable devices (Avinger in 45 patients, Invamed in 114 patients). All interventions were done on a standard operating theatre bed with a C-arm scope. Doppler ultrasonography was used for popliteal imaging during the insertion. We did not encounter any problems in 125 patients. In 28 patients, progress was observed in the leg or ischemic wound between 30 and 65 postoperative days. A total of 23 patients required amputation; amputations were minor (finger amputation) in five patients and major (below the knee) in 18 patients.

Conclusion: The perioperative and mid-term follow-up results of our study indicate that atherectomy and drug-coated balloon angioplasty may safely be performed by C-arm scopy with favorable outcomes.

Treatment options for lower extremity ischemia include conservative treatment, bypass surgery, endovascular options, and primary amputation. Bypass grafting has been the main treatment strategy so far for the treatment of symptomatic PAD.[8,9] However, bypass surgery requires prolonged recovery time and has high complication rates.[10] These complications can be classified as graft infection, thrombosis of the graft, distal embolization, edema in the lower extremity, and complications of the incision site, such as dehiscence and infections.[10] Consequently, endovascular treatment modalities have increased in popularity in the last few years.

In this study, we aimed to present the preoperative and postoperative follow-up results of the patients with lower extremity PAD who underwent balloon angioplasty in combination with atherectomy by C-arm scopy.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in combination with atherectomy was applied in 143 (93.4%) patients, and sole PTA was applied to 10 (6.6%) patients. Sole PTA was performed in patients with less calcified lesions that could be easily passed through and successful revascularization. However, patients with advanced stenosis or occlusion initially underwent atherectomy to reduce the calcification load and ease the balloon’s passage through the lesion. Following atherectomy, PTA was performed for residual stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty applications were executed with an Extender drug-eluting balloon (INVAMED, Ankara, Türkiye) in all patients. The atherectomy procedures were performed with Avinger (Avinger Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA) in 45 patients, and Invamed (INVAMED, Ankara, Türkiye) was used in 98 of the patients.

The procedure was performed with a retrograde or antegrade approach. A popliteal retrograde approach was used with spinal anesthesia for patients with superficial femoral artery (SFA) lesions in the prone position only, and the antegrade procedure was performed from the femoral area for patients with SFA and distal lesions under general anesthesia. Doppler ultrasonography (USG) was used to minimalize vascular trauma.

Since the plaque load was heavy in some lesions, it was necessary to increase the duration of the scope acquisition during the procedure when it was difficult to advance the support catheter or wire. In addition, long-term use of the C-arm scope was required in the patient group with iliofemoropopliteal and long-lasting mixed lesions. In such cases, the device was turned off by following the warming warnings to prevent the device from overheating, allowing it to cool for approximately 5 min, and the process was continued when it was noticed that the scope had cooled down. Apart from this heating problem, no technical difficulties were encountered during the C-arm scopy. Angioplasty procedures with the C-arm scope, which can also be found in centers that do not have an angiography unit, were successful. A technician who is present in the operating room is usually required to use the device. In the use of the device, as the primary surgeon, we control the image quality and the opaque amount given by foot control. No complications or technical injuries involving the vascular and surgical team were encountered during the procedure. In the operation room, the graft-covered stents, which are prepared according to the sizes of the iliac arteries of the patients, were ready in case of need during the operation of the patients with iliac lesions.

We aimed to complete revascularization in one session for the patients with multiple lesions. Patients were followed after the first week, twice a week in the first three months, and once a month for the next three months. In the six-month follow-up, the symptoms of the patients, including claudication, were assessed.

Endovascular interventions
The operations were performed at the operation theatre with local or spinal anesthesia in the supine or prone position according to the lesion status. In general, for the patients who only had an iliac lesion, local anesthesia was preferred by the physician and the patients. In patients with only iliofemoral lesions or SFA lesions, spinal anesthesia with the prone position was the chosen modality for the proximal vasculature imaging by popliteal arterial intervention. In patients with SFA lesions beyond the popliteal artery, the antegrade route was preferred from the SFA to its distal with spinal or local anesthesia in the supine position.

All of the interventions were done on a standard operating theatre bed and with a C-arm scope (Ziehm Imaging GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany). At the beginning of the procedures, the introducer (Invaducer; INVAMED, Ankara, Türkiye) was inserted percutaneously into the vessel to facilitate the insertion of the angiographic balloon and other necessary catheters. Afterward, a 0.035-inch guidewire (InWIRE; INVAMED, Ankara, Türkiye) was inserted through the introducer. Doppler USG was used for popliteal imaging during the insertion. After the insertion of the introducer, a sheath (Jaguar Catheter Long Sheat; INVAMED, Ankara, Türkiye) has been placed by pushing the sheath through the introduer. Either atherectomy or PTA with Extender was decided for the patients according to the status of the lesions, which were assessed by injecting contrast material for the imaging followed by a 1 mL heparin injection. After atherectomy operations, secondary PTA was applied by inserting the balloon through the introducer in cases with residual stenosis. The size of the paclitaxel-covered balloon was adjusted according to the size of the vessel in PTA. The time of the inflation of the balloon was 60-100 secin all patients. In patients with 30 to 40% residual stenosis after primary PTA, additional PTA with an inflation duration of 120-180 sec was applied to the residual stenotic segment. The sequence of the operations is explained in Figures 1 through 6.

Figure 1: The contrast media image shows the distal lesion in the right SFA, and it is observed that the popliteal artery is open in prone position.

Figure 2: The image shows the movement of the wire inside the support catheter proximal to the popliteal artery.

Figure 3: This image shows the wire inside the lesion after retracting the support catheter.

Figure 4: In this image, atherectomy device is pushed forward over the wire inside the SFA through the stenotic lesion.

Figure 5: This image shows how PTA is applied to the lesion after the atherectomy.

Figure 6: In the image, the SFA can be observed after the lesion is resolved by the procedure.

In the postoperative period, the patients received 1000 IU/h systemic heparin infusion for the first 24 h and were prescribed 75 mg/day clopidogrel and 100 mg/day acetylsalicylic acid for three months and 40 mg/day atorvastatin at hospital discharge. In patients preoperatively receiving anticoagulants, a single antiplatelet drug, preferably clopidogrel, was preferred. During the follow-up, the result was accepted as a failure if the patient developed vascular stenosis, occlusion, or underwent major amputation.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 15.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The demographic data were expressed in mean ± standard deviation.

The demographic features, including age, sex, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and chronic renal disease, are presented in Table 1. The clinical status of the patients, such as claudication, resting pain, or tissue loss, were also presented in Table 1. The patients with ischemic wounds were compared with the patients with intact extremities, and no statistically significant difference was observed (Table 1).

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the patients according to the presence of ischemic wounds

Usage of at least one antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, or antidiabetic agent was accepted as having comorbidity (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus). The patients who previously received hemodialysis and had a history of operation due to coronary artery disease were accepted as coronary artery disease patients in our study. Indications for intervention in the symptom scale were claudication in 110 (71.8%) extremities and rest pain and tissue loss (necrosis) in 43 (28.2%) extremities.

Seven patients with preoperative renal failure or receiving hemodialysis were pre-and postoperatively consulted with the nephrology department. According to suggestions, hemodialysis was scheduled for the morning before the operation or 12 h before the operation and the first postoperative 12 h. The existence of renal damage was controlled with biochemical examinations. The postoperative period was uneventful. In addition, we limited the use of opaque to describing the lesion at the beginning of the procedure and observing the result at the end of the operation. We used approximately 40 to 50 mL of opaque in these patients and approximately 70 to 100 mL in other patients.

The length of the patients’ extremities and the location of the lesions were recorded. Accordingly, the number of the patients who had iliac lesions was 30 (19.6%), the number of patients with SFA lesions was 94 (61.4%), and the number of patients with popliteal and distal lesions was 29 (18.9%) (Table 2).

Table 2: The locations and the numbers of the lesions treated

The number of iliac, SFA, and popliteal and distal segment lesions was 30 (11.1%), 213 (78.3%), and 29 (10.6%), respectively. Most of the lesions were confined to the SFA. We performed PTA in all 153 patients; however, 143 of them also received atherectomy with two different reliable devices (Avinger in 45 patients, Invamed in 114 patients).

In 23 patients with iliac lesions who had lesions with >70% stenosis, only balloon angioplasty was applied. In this group of patients, residual stenosis was not detected, and atherectomy was not required. For the rest of the cases (seven patients), which had approximately ≥90% stenosis, atherectomy in combination with PTA was the chosen modality for the residual stenosis management and stabilization of the plaque in the vessel. In one case, minimal intraabdominal extravasation of the contrast media was detected, and the stent was implanted, uneventfully finalizing the operation. The patient was followed with abdominal USG and a complete blood count. No complications were observed after three days of hospital stay, and the patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. The mean follow-up period was 596±102 days, ranging from six months to two years. Five (3.2%) patients died due to complications of diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, and 23 (15%) patients underwent amputation in the two-year follow-up period. The mean hospital stay of the patients was 2.3 (range, 1-4) days.

Table 3: Postoperative data

No vascular aneurysm, dissection, rupture, pseudoaneurysm, arterial perforation, arterial tear, arterial spasm, arteriovenous fistula, bleeding, emboli, arterial thrombosis, urgent or nonurgent need for arterial bypass surgery, and hematoma were encountered during all procedures. Table 2 demonstrates the lesions and treatment applications in patients with PAD in the cohort.

In the last 20 years, endovascular treatment options have been the primary modality against claudication and even in critical ischemia of the extremities in several clinics.[12] It has been shown that endovascular treatment has some advantages, such as fast return of the patients to daily activities, decreased time of hospital stay, minimal morbidity, lower hospital charges, and decreased rate of complications to the lower extremity.[13]

It was stated in the DEFINITIVE-LE study that directional atherectomy, which mechanically removes the plaque burden and opens the lumen of the vessel without leaving a stent inside the vessel, is safe and effective in the treatment of the patients, including both the those with claudication and critical leg ischemia.[14] In addition, drug-coated balloons and plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) were compared in several clinical trials, such as LEVANT 1 and 2, IN.PACT SFA, and ILLIMENATE.[15-18] Thus, it is now known that drug-coated balloons are superior to POBA in treating short to intermediate lesions. Additionally, drug-coated balloons are superior in anatomical outcomes, such as primary patency, binary stenosis, late lumen loss, and target lesion revascularization, compared to POBA.[19-22]

Minimally invasive endovascular treatments include PTA, PTA with additional stent placement, cold-balloon PTA or cryoplasty, and atherectomy with directional, laser, or orbital volume removal methods.[23]

The principal action of atherectomy devices is reducing the plaque burden by shaving or pulverizing the plaque by piercing or sanding it. In the meantime, this procedure causes minimal barotrauma in the vessel. We can classify the acute complications as dissection or acute occlusion. Potential complications of the atherectomy devices are hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, distal embolization, and tearing of the vessel.[23,24]

In our study, 130 patients with SFA and distal lesions underwent atherectomy with PTA, and 23 patients with iliac lesions had pure PTA without atherectomy. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was used for residual stenosis or plaque stabilization after the plaque load was reduced by atherectomy in SFA and complicated lesions. In the group with 29 popliteal and distal lesions, the lesion in the distal popliteal artery was approached as an SFA lesion in 11 patients, and an atherectomy was performed on the distal part of the popliteal lesion up to the distal bifurcation, and PTA or only PTA was performed on the area up to the distal bifurcation not to cause injury to the vessel wall.

It is important to know that complicated lesions may cause unfavorable outcomes, particularly in long-term management. In cases with critical leg ischemia, endovascular revascularization increases the rate of survival of the extremity.[24]

Our study mostly contains patients with SFA and distal popliteal lesions. Percutaneous endovascular treatment is more suitable for these patients as it decreases the time of hospital stay and reduces the rate of mortality and morbidity. However, chronic long segment occlusions in arterial vasculature, widespread calcifications, and involvement of more than one segment cause a decrease in the success of percutaneous endovascular interventions.[25]

In the BASIL study done in the United Kingdom, a comparison between the efficacy of bypass surgery and angioplasty in the treatment of patients with severe leg ischemia was evaluated.[13] They determined that there was no difference between the six-month survival and amputation rates between the two groups; however, cost of the treatment was higher in the surgery group. The immediate primary success rate of endovascular therapies was 75%.[26]

In our clinic, we use surgical therapy as an option in appropriate patients. The patients who underwent surgical therapy were not included in this study. The patients who could not tolerate graft insertion due to severely infected ulcers, had unregulated diabetes mellitus, preferred endovascular treatment, and had suitable lesions underwent endovascular therapies. Medical treatment is another option in these patients, particularly in diabetic patients with foot ulcers and PAD, and adjuvant therapies, such as platelet rich plasma (PRP), have been found to be beneficial.[27] We used medical treatment, including antiaggregant drugs, antithrombotic drugs, and cilostazol in the management of some patients.

The cost of the treatment was not evaluated in our study; however, the mean hospital stay of the patients in our study was 2.3 (range, 1-4) days, which is less than the 5.7 days of hospital stay needed after the bypass.

Due to the low rate of long-term patency rates of standard balloon angioplasty and stents, several studies have used drug-eluting stents and drugcoated balloons to search for an effective endovascular treatment modality. Dake et al.[28] suggested in their study that the patency rates of paclitaxel-coated stents used in SFA stenosis were significantly greater than the ones that only PTA was used, and the patency rates were 83.1% and 32.8% respectively. In the last few years, drug-coated balloons have been thought to be effective in percutaneous interventions; however, no significant difference between drug-coated balloons and conventional balloons has been found.[29,30] Rosenfield et al.[20] found that 12-month patency rates of drug-coated balloon angioplasty and standard balloon angioplasty methods are 65.2% and 52.6%, respectively. In our study, we used drug-coated balloons only to eliminate future complications and increase the patency rates.

Unlike the angioplasty and stenting, which push the plaque to the vessel wall, atherectomy, which uses directional and rotational movements in combination with physical or ablative technics, takes out the plaque burden out of the vessel. Atherectomy can be used alone or in combination with stenting or angioplasty. Restenosis after the atherectomy operation has not been fully understood; however, there are some links between few mechanisms.[33] Plasma proteins, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and fibrinogen are sensitive, specific and sensitive reaction markers of the acute phase,[31] cytokine-dependent indirectly they indicate the inflammatory process of the arterial wall.[32] Restenosis is mainly due to excessive neointima formation.[33] In our study, no restenosis cases occurred in the early period (first 24 h after the operation). The usage of intraoperative and postoperative antiaggregant and antithrombotic agents was considered to have prevented early restenosis.

Percutaneous intervention causes mechanical trauma to the vessel. Vascular stimulants induce vascular inflammation. The proliferation of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix cause neointimal thickening and restenosis.[34] Besides the antithrombotic prescription for the postoperative mechanical trauma, diet, and hyperlipidemic agents, aiming to control LDL to below 100 and triglyceride to below 200, were preoperatively prescribed to the patients with hyperlipidemia.

Risks associated with superficial atherectomy femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries include arterial dissection, arterial perforation, arterial tear, arterial spasm, arteriovenous fistula, bleeding, emboli, arterial thrombosis, urgent or nonurgent need for arterial bypass surgery, complications of the incision site, restenosis of the treated segment, occlusion in the peripheric vessels, and vascular complications.[35,36] The most common vascular complication is distal embolization; however, the prevalence of the distal embolization can be reduced with the postoperative usage of acetil salisilic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel.[37,38]

Doppler USG-guided popliteal intervention in the prone position was shown to be an alternative to the femoral intervention in patients with iliac and SFA lesions but not in popliteal or distal lesions. For this operation, USG was used to examine the popliteal arterial calcification before the operation. In our study, distal embolic protection devices were not used.

Some recommendations to optimize the outcome of peripheral atherectomy and minimize the risk of procedural complications are as follows: using the contralateral access in cases other than distal lesions, preferring the antegrade approach for better management, making slow and methodical cuts, advancing the cutting blade slowly, and ensuring adequate anticoagulation (aiming for an activated clotting time between 275 and 300 sec) to avoid thrombotic complications during the procedure.[39,40]

The success of endovascular treatments depends on the localization, length, and degree of stenosis. Literature includes many studies that demonstrate the high patency rates of iliac artery stents in the long term, but it is still controversial in the distal region.[41] Drug-coated balloons were related to distal embolism in some studies. However, Fukai et al.[42] revealed that drug-coated balloon-induced distal embolisms were not common in femoropopliteal lesions. We mostly used drug-coated balloons in upper knee lesions and avoided their use in patients with distal gangrenous lesions.

In our cases with an antegrade or retrograde approach, thrombotic complications were tried to be avoided by administering 1 mL of intravenous heparin after sheath placement to the patient without activated clotting time follow-up. All patients were checked for the presence of a thrombus on the sheath tip while the postoperative sheath was withdrawn. Furthermore, the patients’ postprocedure foot color and fingers were checked for distal microembolism.

We did not encounter any problems in 125 patients. In 28 patients, progression of the disease was observed in the leg or ischemic wound between 30 and 65 postoperative days. Twenty-three (%15) patients required amputation; 20 of the 40 patients with necrotic wounds showed progression of necrosis leading to amputation after approximately 30 days. Amputations were minor (finger amputation) in five patients and major (below the knee) amputation in 18 patients. These patients with progressive disease had femoropopliteal, distal, and multiple lesions. Most of these patients had advanced calcified lesions with a poor distal vascular bed. More than half of these patients were diabetic.

When it is necessary to share the scope with other departments in the operating room, it can be challenging to determine the surgery day and schedule the patients into one day.

In conclusion, certain interventional endovascular procedures can be performed with the C-arm fluoroscopy. We evaluated the success of our procedures as the satisfaction of the physician and the patient, the short postoperative stay, and, most importantly, the absence of major complications. Moreover, the ergonomics of all the materials used during the procedures, including the use of the C-arm scopy, and their of use facilitated the procedures. In the era of modern hybrid operating rooms, we recommend its use for arterial lesion treatment C-arm for surgeons in centers lacking experienced hybrid theaters I wanted to show that arterial intervention can be done with fluoroscopy.

Acknowledgement: Author conveys sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Murat Ugurlucan, Dr. Fulya Yılmaz, and Dr. Didem Melis Öztaş for their help during the preparation of the manuscript.

Ethics Committee Approval: The study protocol was approved by the Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (Date/no: 13.10.2021/ 2021/176). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Patient Consent for Publication: A written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Data Sharing Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

1) Fowkes FG, Aboyans V, Fowkes FJ, McDermott MM, Sampson UK, Criqui MH. Peripheral artery disease: Epidemiology and global perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017;14:156-70.

2) Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res 2015;116:1509-26.

3) Walsworth MK, de Bie R, Figoni SF, O'Connell JB. Peripheral artery disease: What you need to know. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47:957-64.

4) Scully RE, Arnaoutakis DJ, DeBord Smith A, Semel M, Nguyen LL. Estimated annual health care expenditures in individuals with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2018;67:558-67.

5) Zeller T. Current state of endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal artery disease. Vasc Med 2007;12:223-34.

6) Kohn CG, Alberts MJ, Peacock WF, Bunz TJ, Coleman CI. Cost and inpatient burden of peripheral artery disease: Findings from the National Inpatient Sample. Atherosclerosis 2019;286:142-6.

7) Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet 2013;382:1329-40.

8) Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC Working Group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). J Vasc Surg 2000;31:S1-S296.

9) Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007;45 Suppl S:S5-67.

10) Schepers A, Klinkert P, Vrancken Peeters MP, Breslau PJ. Complication registration in patients after peripheral arterial bypass surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 2003;17:198-202.

11) Mood G. Available at: https://www. hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/vdm/content/ atherectomy-treatment-lower-extremity-peripheral-arterydisease- critical-review [Accessed: December 03, 2021].

12) Wiesinger B, Heller S, Schmehl J, Claussen CD, Wiskirchen J, Tepe G. Percutaneous vascular interventions in the superficial femoral artery. A review. Minerva Cardioangiol 2006;54:83-93.

13) Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, Bell J, Bradbury AW, Forbes JF, et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): Multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1925-34.

14) McKinsey JF, Zeller T, Rocha-Singh KJ, Jaff MR, Garcia LA; DEFINITIVE LE Investigators. Lower extremity revascularization using directional atherectomy: 12-month prospective results of the DEFINITIVE LE study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014;7:923-33.

15) Katsanos K, Spiliopoulos S, Reppas L, Karnabatidis D. Debulking atherectomy in the peripheral arteries: Is there a role and what is the evidence? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2017;40:964-77.

16) Stavroulakis K, Bisdas T, Torsello G, Stachmann A, Schwindt A. Combined directional atherectomy and drug-eluting balloon angioplasty for isolated popliteal artery lesions in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Endovasc Ther 2015;22:847-52.

17) Cioppa A, Stabile E, Popusoi G, Salemme L, Cota L, Pucciarelli A, et al. Combined treatment of heavy calcified femoro-popliteal lesions using directional atherectomy and a paclitaxel coated balloon: One-year single centre clinical results. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2012;13:219-23.

18) Gallagher KA, Meltzer AJ, Ravin RA, Graham A, Shrikhande G, Connolly PH, et al. Endovascular management as first therapy for chronic total occlusion of the lower extremity arteries: Comparison of balloon angioplasty, stenting, and directional atherectomy. J Endovasc Ther 2011;18:624-37.

19) Tepe G, Laird J, Schneider P, Brodmann M, Krishnan P, Micari A, et al. Drug-coated balloon versus standard percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of superficial femoral and popliteal peripheral artery disease: 12-month results from the IN.PACT SFA randomized trial. Circulation 2015;131:495-502.

20) Rosenfield K, Jaff MR, White CJ, Rocha-Singh K, Mena- Hurtado C, Metzger DC, et al. Trial of a paclitaxel-coated balloon for femoropopliteal artery disease. N Engl J Med 2015;373:145-53.

21) Jongsma H, Bekken JA, de Vries JP, Verhagen HJ, Fioole B. Drug-eluting balloon angioplasty versus uncoated balloon angioplasty in patients with femoropopliteal arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2016;64:1503-14.

22) Kayssi A, Al-Atassi T, Oreopoulos G, Roche-Nagle G, Tan KT, Rajan DK. Drug-eluting balloon angioplasty versus uncoated balloon angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;2016:CD011319.

23) Baird RN, Bradley MD, Murphy KP. Tibioperoneal angioplasty and bypass. Acta Chir Belg 2003;103:383-7.

24) Lumsden AB, Davies MG, Peden EK. Medical and endovascular management of critical limb ischemia. J Endovasc Ther 2009;16(2 Suppl 2):II31-62.

25) Ferraresi R, Palena LM, Mauri G, Manzi M. Tips and tricks for a correct "endo approach". J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2013;54:685-711.

26) Saydam O, Şerefli D, Atay M, Yaprak Engin A. Endovascular treatment versus femoropopliteal bypass surgery for TASC II type C lesions of the superficial femoral artery. Turk J Vasc Surg 2022;31:25-32.

27) Yılmaz S, Aksoy E, Günaydın S. Adjuvant plateletrich plasma after lower extremity revascularization for treatment of foot ulcer: A case report. Cardiovasc Surg Int 2015;2:58-61.

28) Dake MD, Ansel GM, Jaff MR, Ohki T, Saxon RR, Smouse HB, et al. Paclitaxel-eluting stents show superiority to balloon angioplasty and bare metal stents in femoropopliteal disease: Twelve-month Zilver PTX randomized study results. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011;4:495-504.

29) Liistro F, Porto I, Angioli P, Grotti S, Ricci L, Ducci K, et al. Drug-eluting balloon in peripheral intervention for below the knee angioplasty evaluation (DEBATE-BTK): A randomized trial in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 2013;128:615-21.

30) Zeller T, Baumgartner I, Scheinert D, Brodmann M, Bosiers M, Micari A, et al. Drug-eluting balloon versus standard balloon angioplasty for infrapopliteal arterial revascularization in critical limb ischemia: 12-month results from the IN.PACT DEEP randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1568-76.

31) Indolfi C, Avvedimento EV, Rapacciuolo A, Esposito G, Di Lorenzo E, Leccia A, et al. In vivo gene transfer: Prevention of neointima formation by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Basic Res Cardiol 1997;92:378-84.

32) Mitra AK, Agrawal DK. In stent restenosis: Bane of the stent era. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:232-9.

33) Curcio A, Torella D, Indolfi C. Mechanisms of smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial regeneration after vascular injury and stenting: Approach to therapy. Circ J 2011;75:1287-96.

34) Inoue T, Croce K, Morooka T, Sakuma M, Node K, Simon DI. Vascular inflammation and repair: Implications for re-endothelialization, restenosis, and stent thrombosis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011;4:1057-66.

35) Romano M, Amato B, Markabaoui K, Tamburrini O, Salvatore M. Follow-up of patients with previous vascular interventions: Role of multidetector row computed tomographic angiography of the abdominal aorta and lower extremities. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004;45:89-91.

36) Romano M, Mainenti PP, Imbriaco M, Amato B, Markabaoui K, Tamburrini O, et al. Multidetector row CT angiography of the abdominal aorta and lower extremities in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement. Eur J Radiol 2004;50:303-8.

37) Taleb M, Burket MW, Cooper CJ. A role for embolic protection in the management of acute limb ischemia. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;14:75-9.

38) Monaco M, Di Tommaso L, Stassano P, Smimmo R, De Amicis V, Pantaleo A, et al. Impact of blood coagulation and fibrinolytic system changes on early and mid term clinical outcome in patients undergoing stent endografting surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2006;5:724-8.

39) Wholey M. The role of embolic protection in peripheral arterial atherectomy. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;14:65-74.

40) Suri R, Wholey MH, Postoak D, Hagino RT, Toursarkissian B. Distal embolic protection during femoropopliteal atherectomy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;67:417-22.

41) Temizkan V, Uçak A, Alp İ, Kardeşoğlu E, Selçuk A, Can MF, et al. Our experiences on endovascular and hybrid treatment of peripheral arterial diseases. Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 2018;26:237-45.

42) Fukai K, Nakagami T, Hamaoka T, Kikai M, Yamaguchi S. Clinical outcome of the patients with femoropopliteal artery disease after endovascular therapy: Focused on drugcoated- balloon-related distal embolism detected by laser doppler flowmetry. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2022;37:526-32.