Coronavirus disease 2019 is a highly contagious
disease that infects millions of people worldwide.[
6]
Symptoms in COVID-19 patients are variable and
can progress from mild to severe symptoms that can
result in ARDS, multiple organ failure, or death.[
7] A
practical and specific treatment for COVID-19 has
yet to be proven. According to the World Health
Organization, COVID-19 management mainly
focuses on infection prevention, case detection and
monitoring, and supportive care.
The World Health Organization and Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention have published
recommendations regarding ECMO support in patients
with severe or critical respiratory failure and cardiac
involvement who do not respond to conventional
therapy.[8] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a
form of extracorporeal life support that temporarily
compensates for deficient lungs or a failing heart by
oxygenating the blood while minimizing iatrogenic
ventilator-induced lung injury.[9]
Poor outcomes in patients undergoing ECMO
during the COVID-19 pandemic include old age, low
PaO2 (arterial oxygen partial pressure)/FiO2 (fractional
inspired oxygen) ratio, immunocompromised status,
comorbidities, and need for VA-ECMO.[9] Decisions on
ECMO support should also consider these factors and
the patient's condition.[10] In our study, only one patient
had coronary artery disease. One patient had a history of
smoking but no chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
diagnosis. Our patients were mainly young, with a
mean age of 34.4±11.5 years. No statistically significant
correlation was found between the patient's age, other
diseases, smoking history, prolonged intensive care
follow-up, and the need for ECMO support.
ECMO therapy can be organized into two basic
methods: venovenous ECMO and VA-ECMO. For ARDS, such as COVID-19, and its respiratory
complications, the predominantly used ECMO mode
is venovenous.[4,11] However, pulmonary complications,
such as ARDS, and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection may also
cause cardiovascular damage. In this case, VA-ECMO
mode was used. The rate of cardiorespiratory combined
ECMO support (VA or venoarteriovenous ECMO)
among COVID-19 patients was <10%, and these
patients were found to have poor prognosis.[12] In our
study, only 11.53% of the patients required VA-ECMO,
and 66.6% survived. Three of these patients were
in the pediatric age group and received VA-ECMO
support for multisystem inflammatory syndrome.
It is thought that there is a relationship between
the early initiation of ECMO treatment and survival.
It is not recommended after lung damage due to
advanced mechanical ventilation support and after
end-organ dysfunction has started.[13] However, in
the first and last six months, no significant statistical
difference existed between the start of the patient's
symptoms and the timing of intensive care unit
hospitalization, intubation, or the beginning of
ECMO support and treatment (p=0.083, p=0.778,
and p=0.254, respectively). In addition, there were no
significant statistical differences in the first and last
six months̓ levels of pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen),
pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide), and FiO2
values obtained before ECMO support. (p=0.231,
p=0.461, and p=0.692, respectively).
Weaning could be performed in only 42.92%
of the patients who were in the first six months of
follow-up, but none survived among these patients.
In the last six months of follow-up, weaning was
performed in 31.6% of the patients; 83.3% of
these patients achieved weaning, and the mortality
rate was 16.6%. While there was no significant
statistical difference between the mortality rates in
the first and last six months, it was observed that
mortality between weaning decreased, particularly
in the previous six months (p=0.002).
Patients with COVID-19 may require more
sedation than critically ill patients due to their
younger age, higher respiratory pathologies, increased
clearance from other drugs, and intense inflammatory
responses.[14] Sedatives and neuromuscular blocking
drugs eliminate asynchronies that occur with
mechanical ventilation.[15] There are more detailed
studies on the effects of sedative agents on oxygen and energy consumption;[16] however, these studies are
few and contradictory.[17,18] Murphy et al.[19] showed
that critical respiratory events in the postanesthesia
care unit are closely related to the high incidence of
severe residual blockade. In this study, most patients
were curarized (80.76%). Patients (19.23%) who
did not experience tachypnea, deep hypercarbia,
or hypoxia during the intensive care follow-up and
whose hemodynamics were more stable than others
were not curarized during their follow-up.
The sedation follow-up of the patients was performed
using the RASS since it shows the sedation levels in
detail and allows the titration to be made more easily in
drug treatment.[20] Propofol, remifentanil, midazolam,
remifentanil, and dexmedetomidine with or without
remifentanil were alternately administered as sedation
agents. Short-acting sedation agents were preferred
and stopped once daily, and the state of consciousness
was evaluated and monitored neurologically. The mean
RASS of the patients who were followed up for the
first six months was −4.6±0.467, and for the patients
who were followed up in the last six months, it was
–4.0±1.76. In the previous six months, the patients
who underwent weaning from ECMO and survived
were not curarized, and four of them were followed
by RASS -1 and one with −3 (mean: −1.4±0.89). This
difference was statistically significant (p<0.001).
The use of ECMO is associated with significant
risks, such as bleeding, infection, need for frequent
transfusions, stroke, and embolisms of small blood
clots or air bubbles.[21] Major bleeding, pulmonary
hemorrhage, and hemothorax were detected in
19.2% and 15.4% of the patients, respectively.
Multiple organ failure, renal failure, ischemic
cerebrovascular events, and pneumothorax were also
observed. Sepsis was detected at a high rate (92.3%).
This finding was interpreted to be primarily due to
ARDS and pneumonia. Only one patient required
circuit replacement due to issues with ECMO
return.
The European chapter of the ELSO determined
the in-hospital mortality rate to be 44% in the
first 1,531 COVID-19 patients who received ECMO
support.[22-23] However, this rate might be slightly
higher than what is known since long-term survival
information about patients is unavailable. Another
study by Lebreton et al.[24] reported that 46% of the
patients were alive 90 days after ECMO onset. The
ELSO reported independent mortality factors, such as temporary circulatory support (VA-ECMO support),
advanced age, low PaO2/FiO2 ratio, acute kidney
injury, chronic respiratory failure, immunosuppressed
conditions, and a history of cardiac arrest before
ECMO.[12] In this study, cardiopulmonary failure
was the leading cause of death (73.1%), followed
by multiple organ failure (23.1%) and neurological
pathologies (3.8%). Only 34.6% of patients were
weaned off ECMO. The mortality rate during ECMO
support was 80.8%. Of the patients, 42.9% were
weaned in the first six months, and 31.6% were weaned
in the next six months. In patients who were weaned
in the first six months, mortality was 100%, while
this rate remained at 16% in the last six months. The
mortality ratio of weaning patients was statistically
significant (p<0.001). Based on our team's increasing
experience, we believe that mild sedation was applied
to the departure of patients diagnosed with ARDS
associated with COVID-19.
There are some limitations to this study. The
limited number of patients and retrospective nature
of the study make it impossible to evaluate other
factors affecting the results and conduct further
examinations. The results would be more meaningful
if the study had progressed with more patients and
instant observations.
In conclusion, venovenous ECMO support
remains a salvage treatment for patients with
COVID-19 who have refractory hypoxemia despite
mechanical ventilation therapy. However, based
on these criteria, early intervention is vital for a
successful treatment. In light of this retrospective
examination, mild sedation during ECMO follow-up
in patients with COVID-19 is associated with more
positive results. However, more data are needed to
finalize this situation and to examine its causes.
Ethics Committee Approval: The study protocol was
approved by the University of Health Sciences, Sancaktepe
Şehit Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital
Scientific research Ethics Comitee (date: 08.09.2021, no:
2021-188). The study was conducted in accordance with the
principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Patient Consent for Publication: A written informed
consent was obtained from each patient.
Data Sharing Statement: The data that support the
findings of this study are available from the corresponding
author upon reasonable request.
Author Contributions: Conseptualsation and writing:
A.D.; Conceptualisation: Y.Ö.; Data Curation: İ.C.Ö., S.K.;
Methodology: E.A.; Methodology and writing: M.U.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts
of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication
of this article.
Funding: The authors received no financial support for
the research and/or authorship of this article.