Discrete subpulmonic membrane in transposition of great arteries with an intact ventricular septum | |
DOI: 10.5606/e-cvsi.2014.306 | |
Trushar Gajjar, Nageswar Rao, Neelam Desai | |
Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Highar Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram, Andhra Pradesh, India | |
Keywords: Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; subpulmonic membrane; transposition of great arteries | |
The left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is rare in transposition of the great arteries with an intact ventricular septum. The
obstruction may be dynamic or anatomic. Herein, we present a four-year-old boy who was diagnosed with dextro-transposition of the
great arteries, patent ductus arteriosus with an intact ventricular septum, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to a discrete
subpulmonic membrane. |
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The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction
is rare in transposition of the great arteries with
an intact ventricular septum (TGA/IVS). Only in
0.7% of cases this combination is reported.[1] The
obstruction may be dynamic or fixed.[1] Herein, we
present a case report of this rare anomaly with various
treatment options. |
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CASE PRESANTATION
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A four-year-old child presented with cyanosis since
birth. On physical examination, uniform central
cyanosis and clubbing were present. The heart rate
was 90/min on a regular basis and blood pressure
was 120/70 mmHg. Electrocardiogram showed
sinus rhythm with right axis deviation. Chest X-ray
revealed situs solitus, left ventricular type of apex,
biatrial enlargement and pulmonary plethora. Two
dimensional echocardiography showed (Figure 1a)
dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA),
an intact interventricular septum, subpulmonic
membrane (subcostal view), LVOT gradient of
43/26 mmHg, an aneurysm of interatrial septum,
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), morphologically
regressed left ventricle and good ventricular function.
Left ventriculogram showed a discrete subpulmonic
membrane with 46 mmHg gradient (Figure 1b), an
intact ventricular septum with good-size main and
branch pulmonary arteries and a small PDA. In
view of morphologically regressed left ventricle and
significant gradient across the LVOT, we decided
to perform Sennings operation with excision of
subpulmonic membrane. The patient was taken for surgery and a conventional median sternotomy approach was used. Preoperative findings revealed d-TGA, and the aorta to the right and anterior to the pulmonary artery. The coronary arteries were normal for d-TGA with sinus-1 giving the left coronary artery and the sinus-2 giving the right coronary artery. Both the atria were of good size with an absent atrial isomerism. There was a large secundum type of atrial septal defect and a complete diaphragm like subpulmonic membrane with a central opening (Figure 2a). Pulmonary valve was tricuspid with thickened leaflets and a small PDA. The subpulmonic membrane was excised, the PDA was ligated and a physiological correction was done by a modified Sennings operation. The weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass was done in a usual way. The postoperative course was uneventful and an immediate postoperative echocardiography revealed nonobstructed systemic and pulmonary venous return, no residual shunt, mild tricuspid regurgitation, trivial pulmonary regurgitation; gradient across the LVOT was 6 mmHg with mild right ventricular dysfunction and a normal left ventricular function. A three month and two year follow-up showed asymptomatic patient and echocardiography revealed normal systemic and pulmonary venous drainage, insignificant gradient across the LVOT and a good ventricular function. |
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Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
is well-known in overall 30-35% of patients in
association with TGA.[1] However, only 0.7% of
patients with TGA and intact ventricular septum
develop a critical LVOT obstruction.[1] Very few cases
of discrete subpulmonic membrane have been reported
in d-TGA/IVS in the literature.[1] The obstruction
may be dynamic or anatomic with anatomic causes
ranging from the subvalvar fibrous ridge to fibrous
tags, hypertrophied bands and valvar stenosis.[1]
A discrete subpulmonic membrane causing LVOT
obstruction in patients with d-TGA is rare, although it
has been reported with doubly committed ventricular
septal defect in association with subpulmonary fibrous
ridge.[2-5] Ozkutlu et al.[2] reported a discrete subaortic
and subpulmonic stenosis with doubly committed
ventricular septal defect in a series of nine patients.
Raff et al.[3] reported a subpulmonic membrane in
association with a ventricular septal defect and aortic
insufficiency. Duggal et al.[4] showed a subpulmonic
membrane in association with a supracristal ventricular
septal defect. Tomar et al.[5] recommend a careful
echocardiography of all similar presentations which
may enable us to learn more of this rare lesion. The pathophysiology of LVOT obstruction in TGA/IVS
shows that a dynamic type of obstruction is common.[1]
A fixed type of obstruction is very rare and of two types, discrete or tunnel type.[1] The discrete variety
initially appears as a patch of endocardial thickening
on the septal bulge, but later may evolve into sharp
fibrous ridge or a discrete membrane which is
analogous to the subaortic membrane.[1] The less
common type of fixed subpulmonary obstruction is
caused by a tunnel like subpulmonary fibromuscular
ridge that extends across the outflow tract.[1] A careful
transthoracic echocardiography in subcostal and apical
five-chamber view can be useful in the diagnosis of
this rare anomaly. Although percutaneous dilatation
of subpulmonic membrane has been reported in the
literature,[5] the surgical excision is the treatment of
choice along with the definitive surgical procedure.
If this patient would have presented early with
normal, non-regressed left ventricle Arterial switch
would be the preferred operation. Unfortunately, our
patient presented late with regressed left ventricle.
In case of a significant and borderline left ventricle,
the left ventricle can be trained in the late arterial
switch operation. On the other hand, in case of a
significantly preferably gradient less than 40 mmHg
and morphologically regressed membrane excision
of the left ventricle can be avoided to keep slightly
higher left ventricular pressure which in long-term
helps to improved right ventricular function. In
case that corrected transposition (Corrected TGA)
subpulmonic membrane can produce pulmonary
insufficiency like subaortic membrane, but with
lower pulmonary artery pressure, the chances of
pulmonary insufficiency are rare. In the absence
of a non-significant obstruction, probably gradient
less than 40 mmHg without associated with
cardiac anomaly requiring surgical correction, the
subpulmonic membrane can be left alone, however,
there is a possibility of progression of gradient later
in life due to the development of fibrosis secondary
to turbulence. However, if the gradient is more than
40 mmHg without associated with cardiac anomaly or associated cardiac anomaly is present in spite of
gradient less than 40 mmHg in, corrected TGA
resection of subpulmonic membrane is advisable. In conclusion, a discrete subpulmonic membrane in d-TGA with IVS is a rare anomaly, careful transthoracic echocardiography is able to diagnose this rare entity and surgical excision is the treatment of choice along with the definitive surgical procedure.
Declaration of conflicting interests
Funding |
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New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008; 1045-47.
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K. Subpulmonary and subaortic ridges in doubly committed
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M. Membranous subpulmonic stenosis associated with
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Echocardiogr 2000;13:58-60.
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